WEBVTT
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[Shannon Ricles] Hi, everyone.
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Thank you for joining us today for our webinar
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All Along the Waterfront:
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Archeological Investigations of Chesapeake Bay Oyster Boats.
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I'm Shannon Ricles, the Education and Outreach Coordinator
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for Monitor and Mallows Bay National Marine Sanctuaries,
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and I'm going to be one of your hosts today.
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And I'm Jessie Frayser,
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the Education and Outreach Support Specialist
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for Monitor and Mallows National Marine Sanctuary,
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and I'll be your co-host.
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Hmm. There we go.
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This webinar is brought to you
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by NOAA's Monitor National Marine Sanctuary in collaboration
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with the North Carolina Office of State Archeology.
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Partnering since 1975, NOAA
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and the state of North Carolina work to research,
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honor, and protect the hallmarks of North Carolina's
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underwater cultural heritage, shipwrecks.
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These shipwrecks hold information
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about the ever-changing technologies
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and cultural and physical landscapes.
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They serve as a uniquely accessible underwater museum
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and a memorial to generations of mariners
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who lived, died, worked, and fought off our shores.
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This is one of the many webinars
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we'll be hosting in the coming months
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for the Submerged North Carolina Webinar Series
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in collaboration with the North Carolina Office
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of State Archeology.
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Monitor is just one of 15 national marine sanctuaries
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and two marine national monuments
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in the National Marine Sanctuary System.
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The system encompasses more than 620,000 square miles
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of marine and Great Lakes waters
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from Washington state to the Florida Keys
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and from Lake Huron to American Samoa.
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Now during the presentation,
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all attendees will be in listen-only mode.
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You're welcome to type questions for the presenter
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into the question box at the bottom of the control panel
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on the right hand side of your screen.
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This is the same area
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You can let us know about any technical issues
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you may be having that we can help you with.
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We'll be monitoring those incoming questions
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and technical issues,
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and we'll respond to them just as soon as we can.
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We are recording this session, and we'll share the recording
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with registered participants via the webinar archive page,
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and a URL for this webpage
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will be provided at the end of the presentation.
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[Jessie] So now we are happy to welcome Patrick Boyle,
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a doctoral student with Texas A&M University's
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Nautical Archeological Program.
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Okay, I'm going to share the screen with you now Patrick.
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All right, is that working for you?
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That works.
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All right, excellent.
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Well, thank you for joining me today
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and thank you everyone else who's participating.
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For this presentation,
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I'll be discussing my research involving a small shipwreck
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located in the Pamlico River of North Carolina,
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which I examined for my master's thesis
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at East Carolina University
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and how that research has expanded
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into a doctoral dissertation program for a project.
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To begin, I need to discuss the history
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of the oyster fishery
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and the vessels I will be referring to.
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The historic Chesapeake Bay oyster fishery
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is significant part of the United States'
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overall maritime narrative that is well documented.
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Oysters were a vital food source for Native Americans
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and were often stockpiled for celebrations.
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European colonists survived by eating oysters
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when they exhausted their own food supplies.
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And as colonial communities developed
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in the Chesapeake Bay region,
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the oyster fishery played a fundamental part
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in its economy, expansion, and maritime history.
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The Chesapeake Bay oyster fishery is one of the largest
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and most profitable fisheries
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and is still prevalent in the coastal communities today.
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An elevated demand for oysters occurred
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in the mid 19th century,
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creating an oyster boom for the Chesapeake Bay.
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Both professional and opportunistic fishers
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hurried to join the lucrative fishery.
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The small oyster boats used in the region for decades
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to tong the shallow oyster beds
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were quickly modified to carry larger equipment
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for dredging the deep areas of the bay.
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The Chesapeake Bay region was home to a variety
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of small vernacular watercraft.
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However, only a few in particular
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were designed specifically for oystering.
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The original oyster boats were small log canoes,
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easily maneuvered by one or two people.
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They could traverse the shallow areas
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and were used primarily for tonging.
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As oystering became more lucrative during the oyster boom,
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larger boats were needed to obtain more oysters.
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The log canoe eventually developed into the brogan.
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The brogan was still relatively small
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and rarely reached lengths of 45 feet.
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These boats were undecked and log constructed
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and were primarily used for tonging as well.
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As dredging was introduced,
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fishers wanted bigger, more powerful boats.
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The pungy developed from the much larger traditional built
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schooners of the bay.
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These were essentially smaller versions of these schooners,
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which carried the same sail configuration
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and had a lot of deck space in which to work.
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Though the pungy could dredge under sail,
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it unfortunately could only traverse
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the deep areas of the Chesapeake Bay,
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and the deep hull would not allow the vessel
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to enter shallow areas to offload its cargo.
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So as the smaller coastal communities
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developed their own oyster houses, they couldn't really rely
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on these larger vessels all the time.
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This issue was eventually solved
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by the introduction of the bugeye.
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Bugeyes had to striking the resemblance to pungies.
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They could often not even be told apart from each other
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if they had the same rig.
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However, bugeyes traditionally carried
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a leg-of-mutton sail configuration
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instead of a schooner rig.
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The bugeye vessels became popular
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in the Chesapeake Bay region in the 1860s
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and were constructed from multiple hollowed out logs
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that were pinned together.
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The main differences between bugeyes and pundies was
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that the bugeyes had a slightly flatter hull
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and contained a centerboard which allowed the vessel
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to dredge as well as traverse the shallow waters.
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Traditionally built bugeyes were built
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with that log hull construction.
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These were the most commonly built bugeyes,
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which were first built in the region in the 1860s
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and were typically built to lengths of approximately 59 feet
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or about 18 meters.
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Early bugeye vessels were made from five or more logs
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with framed top sides and were carvel planked up to the deck
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The frames connected to the keel log,
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though the midships frame stopped at the centerboard case.
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Many improvements were made to the bugeye
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throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
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and typical construction methods
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varied from builder to builder.
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As timber became scarce and more expensive
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toward the end of the 19th century, building bugeyes
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through the traditional log construction method
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was not ideal.
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At some point in the 1880s, Chesapeake Bay builders
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began to construct bugeyes using planks and frames.
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The evolution of the oyster boats
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did not stop with the bugeye,
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though the bugeye remained the preferred oyster boat
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throughout the oyster boom.
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It was still expensive and time consuming to build.
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Since many fishers wanted to catch oysters,
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they needed a way to build a boat
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that had all the advantages
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without being so expensive and time consuming to build.
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Thus, the skipjack was created.
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These vessels were built
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right at the end of the oyster boom.
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They had only one mast, they did have a centerboard case
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and they had a completely flat bottom,
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a minimal number of large frames and floors
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and a hard shine with no curved sides.
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These vessels were easy and quick to build
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and they were still capable of dredging deep waters
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and traversing the shallow areas.
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Although late 19th century bugeye vessels
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are historically documented, the physical remains
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of these vessels are rarely examined
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in the archeological record.
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The few that have been recorded, however, provide evidence
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of specific shipbuilding features
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that are not known in the historical record.
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So how do these Chesapeake Bay oyster boats relate
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to the maritime heritage of North Carolina?
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Well, while studying at East Carolina University,
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I had a plan to survey a small wreck located
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in the Mallows Bay-Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary
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but I was unable to carry this out
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because of the COVID pandemic.
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Luckily, the professors at ECU were able
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to come up with a safety plan that allowed us
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to undertake a fall field school in 2020
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right in the middle of COVID.
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So we were limited surveying areas
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in the local Tar-Pamlico River
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at the historic Port of Washington.
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And one site in particular intrigued me.
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This was the remains of a wooden vessel
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that contained a centerboard
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and was locally known as the Centerboard Wreck.
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Centerboard Wreck had been known about
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since at least the 1980s
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and was often used as a site to teach students
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how to record in blackwater.
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However, no one examined it in detail
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and I decided to undertake this from my thesis project.
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Here you can see the location of the wreck
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across from downtown Washington on the Pamlico River.
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The site is located in about three feet of blackwater
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and traditional recording methods were implemented,
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specifically baseline and offset measurements
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and direct measurements.
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Here is a preliminary sketch of what the vessel looks like.
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This was drawn out by the measurement data
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collected by taking offsets
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and measuring some of the larger features in more detail.
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Larger features included the stem assembly,
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which included multiple timbers, frames and ceiling planking
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Here's a profile view of the same area.
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Here's a drawing of the remnants of the centerboard case.
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All of these drawings were developed
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by different students on the project.
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I just digitally illustrated them afterward.
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This image of the sternpost and stern timbers
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a pintle and gudgeon from the rudder were still in place,
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and the rudder itself was detached
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but in close proximity to the stern post.
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It does have a slight curve
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which is indicative of Chesapeake Bay rudders,
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which I thought was pretty interesting.
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Over 30 artifacts were recorded on the site.
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These were not taken for conservation,
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but instead left where they were found.
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We drew and photographed each artifact
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before returning them.
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Many of the artifacts provided evidence
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for the wreck being related to the historic oyster industry,
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including this dredge rake,
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which was fastened to an oyster dredge.
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As you can see here.
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And a closer image.
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These tooth dredge rakes would scrape the oyster beds
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and the oysters would be captured in the dredge basket
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and brought back on board.
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We found four of these rakes, which is common,
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because as the teeth were worn down
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they would need to be replaced.
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So spares were often carried on board.
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We also found a stove leg.
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Stoves were common on fishing boats for the longer voyages.
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We also found a large heavy cylinder.
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It took me a while to figure out what this was,
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and it turns out it's a vertical dredge roller,
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which helped prevent the dredge cable
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from running against the side of the vessel.
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We also found some reading elements,
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including this bobstay fitting.
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The bobstay fitting was placed on the stem
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and connected to the bobstay by a chain.
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This piece also confused me for a while,
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until I came across this exploded view of a windless.
266
00:11:37.260 --> 00:11:39.600
Apparently it's called the purchase link
267
00:11:39.600 --> 00:11:42.050
and shackle that was part of the windless system.
268
00:11:45.180 --> 00:11:47.733
We also found a portion of a deck hatch cover,
269
00:11:50.790 --> 00:11:52.140
as well as ice tongs,
270
00:11:52.140 --> 00:11:54.090
which were also common on fishing vessels
271
00:11:54.090 --> 00:11:55.560
to carry blocks of ice on board
272
00:11:55.560 --> 00:11:58.923
that would help whatever catch stay fresh on board.
273
00:11:59.940 --> 00:12:03.030
And most importantly, we actually found some oysters.
274
00:12:03.030 --> 00:12:05.370
This is significant because oysters do not inhabit
275
00:12:05.370 --> 00:12:06.540
that part of the river,
276
00:12:06.540 --> 00:12:09.190
which means they were likely caught using the vessel.
277
00:12:11.760 --> 00:12:12.810
While recording the wreck,
278
00:12:12.810 --> 00:12:15.930
my initial research questions included what are the origins
279
00:12:15.930 --> 00:12:17.580
of the North Carolina oyster fishery
280
00:12:17.580 --> 00:12:20.700
and the development of Washington's oyster trade.
281
00:12:20.700 --> 00:12:23.670
Was the wreck employed in Washington's industry
282
00:12:23.670 --> 00:12:25.020
or is it simply abandoned there?
283
00:12:25.020 --> 00:12:26.430
It seemed like every day on site
284
00:12:26.430 --> 00:12:28.980
I would have more questions with no answers.
285
00:12:28.980 --> 00:12:33.150
So what did I initially learn from the wreck?
286
00:12:33.150 --> 00:12:35.190
Well, this vessel led me to find
287
00:12:35.190 --> 00:12:36.480
that the small port of Washington
288
00:12:36.480 --> 00:12:38.910
had a very significant maritime history
289
00:12:38.910 --> 00:12:41.260
and was somehow related to the oyster industry.
290
00:12:42.510 --> 00:12:44.880
Next up was looking into the historical record
291
00:12:44.880 --> 00:12:47.250
and I quickly found out that Washington's involvement
292
00:12:47.250 --> 00:12:49.860
in the industry was evident in primary documents,
293
00:12:49.860 --> 00:12:52.083
but not so much in modern secondary sources.
294
00:12:55.470 --> 00:12:57.810
Unlike the Chesapeake Bay, which was the hub of oystering
295
00:12:57.810 --> 00:12:59.310
during the late 19th century,
296
00:12:59.310 --> 00:13:01.170
North Carolina had no port dedicated
297
00:13:01.170 --> 00:13:03.570
to importing or exporting oysters.
298
00:13:03.570 --> 00:13:05.100
Instead, the state had a variety
299
00:13:05.100 --> 00:13:07.800
of small local oyster markets in coastal towns.
300
00:13:07.800 --> 00:13:09.989
The lack of railroads and fast transportation
301
00:13:09.989 --> 00:13:12.780
precluded the growth of a larger market.
302
00:13:12.780 --> 00:13:16.320
Yet in the late 1880s, the North Carolina oyster industry
303
00:13:16.320 --> 00:13:18.183
was subject to a rise in activity.
304
00:13:19.830 --> 00:13:22.320
After the Chesapeake Bay fishers over harvested
305
00:13:22.320 --> 00:13:23.250
their oyster beds,
306
00:13:23.250 --> 00:13:26.010
they came to North Carolina sounds in search of more.
307
00:13:26.010 --> 00:13:28.590
They set up oyster houses, used their own vessels
308
00:13:28.590 --> 00:13:31.260
and equipment and actually shipped the canned oysters
309
00:13:31.260 --> 00:13:34.293
back to Baltimore to be sold as Chesapeake Bay oysters.
310
00:13:36.630 --> 00:13:37.830
Washington quickly became
311
00:13:37.830 --> 00:13:39.810
an important port for the industry.
312
00:13:39.810 --> 00:13:42.990
Already a large port before the Chesapeake Bay fishers came,
313
00:13:42.990 --> 00:13:45.330
Washington saw the exportation of tobacco,
314
00:13:45.330 --> 00:13:47.283
turpentine, and textiles.
315
00:13:48.930 --> 00:13:50.700
The Chesapeake Bay influence can be seen
316
00:13:50.700 --> 00:13:52.230
in Washington's history.
317
00:13:52.230 --> 00:13:55.770
Around 1890, an oyster canning factory opened in the town
318
00:13:55.770 --> 00:13:58.110
that employed over 150 people.
319
00:13:58.110 --> 00:13:59.670
The business was very successful,
320
00:13:59.670 --> 00:14:02.520
and oyster shells were so prevalent in Washington
321
00:14:02.520 --> 00:14:04.980
that they literally had to burn them to get rid of them.
322
00:14:04.980 --> 00:14:06.540
The streets were surfaced with shells
323
00:14:06.540 --> 00:14:07.680
and a massive lime kiln
324
00:14:07.680 --> 00:14:09.750
was built on the island in the river.
325
00:14:09.750 --> 00:14:11.580
The townspeople thought the kiln funnels
326
00:14:11.580 --> 00:14:13.500
made the island look like a castle,
327
00:14:13.500 --> 00:14:15.720
and it is called Castle Island today.
328
00:14:15.720 --> 00:14:17.760
Unfortunately, the Chesapeake Bay oysterers
329
00:14:17.760 --> 00:14:18.930
did not learn their lesson
330
00:14:18.930 --> 00:14:21.630
and they quickly overfished the Pamlico Sound as well.
331
00:14:23.370 --> 00:14:25.440
Maps and charts were very important in my research
332
00:14:25.440 --> 00:14:28.110
as they showed buildings that were no longer in the town,
333
00:14:28.110 --> 00:14:29.340
two of which were significant
334
00:14:29.340 --> 00:14:31.620
to the maritime history of Washington.
335
00:14:31.620 --> 00:14:33.810
The J.S. Farren & Co canning house
336
00:14:33.810 --> 00:14:36.210
was Washington's Oystering facility.
337
00:14:36.210 --> 00:14:37.740
It was located on Water Street
338
00:14:37.740 --> 00:14:39.870
next to the J.R. Farrow Shipyard,
339
00:14:39.870 --> 00:14:42.060
where the town's festival park and estuary
340
00:14:42.060 --> 00:14:43.680
are presently located.
341
00:14:43.680 --> 00:14:46.413
It was owned and operated by a Baltimore firm.
342
00:14:47.970 --> 00:14:50.340
These maps show the years 1891 on the left
343
00:14:50.340 --> 00:14:52.110
and 1911 on the right.
344
00:14:52.110 --> 00:14:55.200
You can see how the factory slightly expanded over time.
345
00:14:55.200 --> 00:14:58.890
A 1909 issue of the Washington Daily News
346
00:14:58.890 --> 00:15:00.570
contained an article discussing a visit
347
00:15:00.570 --> 00:15:03.000
from one of the company's representatives visiting
348
00:15:03.000 --> 00:15:05.670
the J.S Farren & Co branch at Washington.
349
00:15:05.670 --> 00:15:08.040
At this point in time, the factory had been shut down
350
00:15:08.040 --> 00:15:09.030
for two years.
351
00:15:09.030 --> 00:15:11.610
The article suggests that nearly 200 people
352
00:15:11.610 --> 00:15:13.830
were working for the facility at this time,
353
00:15:13.830 --> 00:15:15.630
but they would need assurances
354
00:15:15.630 --> 00:15:17.910
that enough oysters could be caught
355
00:15:17.910 --> 00:15:19.650
to justify the reopening.
356
00:15:19.650 --> 00:15:22.680
A 1916 issue of the same newspaper contains an article
357
00:15:22.680 --> 00:15:24.540
discussing the effects the facility
358
00:15:24.540 --> 00:15:26.550
had on the oyster population.
359
00:15:26.550 --> 00:15:29.370
The article mentions at least four boats being docked
360
00:15:29.370 --> 00:15:31.530
at the facility to offload oysters,
361
00:15:31.530 --> 00:15:33.840
and the author claimed that the rate
362
00:15:33.840 --> 00:15:36.150
at which the oystermen were going, it would not be long
363
00:15:36.150 --> 00:15:38.583
until the oyster beds were entirely depleted.
364
00:15:41.820 --> 00:15:44.040
Charts were also important to my investigation
365
00:15:44.040 --> 00:15:46.650
as one in particular from 1871
366
00:15:46.650 --> 00:15:47.910
showed appear in some buildings
367
00:15:47.910 --> 00:15:49.980
in the vicinity of the wreck site.
368
00:15:49.980 --> 00:15:52.650
We noticed pure remains during our survey
369
00:15:52.650 --> 00:15:55.380
and the small point on the map is labeled windmill,
370
00:15:55.380 --> 00:15:58.860
which one of my colleagues found the structure
371
00:15:58.860 --> 00:16:00.270
of the windmill in this vicinity
372
00:16:00.270 --> 00:16:01.830
for his own master's research.
373
00:16:01.830 --> 00:16:04.890
Unfortunately, not much was recorded of these buildings
374
00:16:04.890 --> 00:16:07.020
and all I could find was that the location
375
00:16:07.020 --> 00:16:09.920
was probably used for a ferry before the bridge was built.
376
00:16:11.670 --> 00:16:14.760
This chart from 1915 depicts the pier remains
377
00:16:14.760 --> 00:16:16.170
and a wreck in the location.
378
00:16:16.170 --> 00:16:18.780
Notably the wreck symbol is to the west of the pier
379
00:16:18.780 --> 00:16:21.360
where a different wreck is also located.
380
00:16:21.360 --> 00:16:23.850
There is no wreck symbol for the Centerboard Wreck.
381
00:16:23.850 --> 00:16:26.400
So it's possible that the vessel was abandoned in the area
382
00:16:26.400 --> 00:16:28.293
sometime after 1915.
383
00:16:30.060 --> 00:16:32.700
I was fortunate enough to find many historical photographs
384
00:16:32.700 --> 00:16:34.800
from the time period and region.
385
00:16:34.800 --> 00:16:36.150
This image supposedly depicts
386
00:16:36.150 --> 00:16:38.220
the oyster canning house in Washington.
387
00:16:38.220 --> 00:16:40.380
However, some historians believe this to be
388
00:16:40.380 --> 00:16:43.080
another port city of North Carolina
389
00:16:43.080 --> 00:16:45.060
as the terrain is a little off.
390
00:16:45.060 --> 00:16:46.290
However, those docked vessels
391
00:16:46.290 --> 00:16:48.390
are almost certainly Chesapeake Bay boats.
392
00:16:50.130 --> 00:16:52.320
Another image of this post canning factory
393
00:16:52.320 --> 00:16:55.380
depicting many people involved in the industry
394
00:16:55.380 --> 00:16:57.063
with boxes of canned oysters.
395
00:16:59.760 --> 00:17:01.200
This is one of my favorite images,
396
00:17:01.200 --> 00:17:03.960
as it depicts oysters being unloaded from a vessel
397
00:17:03.960 --> 00:17:07.320
by African Americans who made up the majority of crews
398
00:17:07.320 --> 00:17:08.760
of oyster boats.
399
00:17:08.760 --> 00:17:11.610
The depicted boat also shows a vessel that is similar
400
00:17:11.610 --> 00:17:13.860
to many Chesapeake based schooners of the time,
401
00:17:13.860 --> 00:17:16.473
and oystering equipment can also be seen throughout,
402
00:17:18.150 --> 00:17:20.640
including the dredge, the hand winders
403
00:17:20.640 --> 00:17:23.373
for the dredge and the rollers on either side.
404
00:17:26.310 --> 00:17:30.720
Although bugeyes in Chesapeake Bay oyster boat treatises
405
00:17:30.720 --> 00:17:33.090
are thorough, they typically only focus on bugeyes
406
00:17:33.090 --> 00:17:35.040
being used in the Chesapeake Bay
407
00:17:35.040 --> 00:17:36.600
and rarely ever mention Bugeyes
408
00:17:36.600 --> 00:17:38.310
being used in North Carolina.
409
00:17:38.310 --> 00:17:39.960
But the primary sources indicate
410
00:17:39.960 --> 00:17:41.550
that Bugeyes were an important ship type
411
00:17:41.550 --> 00:17:44.220
used in North Carolina, especially in Washington,
412
00:17:44.220 --> 00:17:46.470
which was then known as the oyster metropolis
413
00:17:46.470 --> 00:17:47.523
of North Carolina.
414
00:17:49.380 --> 00:17:51.240
Newspapers revealed a lot of information
415
00:17:51.240 --> 00:17:53.423
about the industry and Bugeyes.
416
00:17:53.423 --> 00:17:57.030
Bugeyes were often referred to by their exact vessel type.
417
00:17:57.030 --> 00:17:59.400
Many newspapers explained that the vessels were used
418
00:17:59.400 --> 00:18:02.610
as oyster boats, freight boats, and sometimes ferries.
419
00:18:02.610 --> 00:18:04.230
Some are even identified by names
420
00:18:04.230 --> 00:18:05.830
such as the bugeye named Hamlet.
421
00:18:08.430 --> 00:18:10.380
Hamlet was originally used as an oyster boat
422
00:18:10.380 --> 00:18:11.310
in the Chesapeake Bay,
423
00:18:11.310 --> 00:18:13.500
but was eventually sold and used as an oyster boat
424
00:18:13.500 --> 00:18:15.480
and freight boat in Elizabeth City.
425
00:18:15.480 --> 00:18:17.520
Later it played an important role in shipping goods
426
00:18:17.520 --> 00:18:19.560
from Washington to Ocracoke.
427
00:18:19.560 --> 00:18:23.673
Hamlet is listed as being abandoned in Washington in 1931.
428
00:18:25.290 --> 00:18:28.170
Unfortunately, I do not think Hamlet is the identification
429
00:18:28.170 --> 00:18:30.690
of the Centerboard Wreck for one important reason.
430
00:18:30.690 --> 00:18:32.970
The most diagnostic feature of the Centerboard Wreck is
431
00:18:32.970 --> 00:18:35.130
the unique locations of the mast steps.
432
00:18:35.130 --> 00:18:36.900
The mast steps in Centerboard case
433
00:18:36.900 --> 00:18:40.410
were typically in line with keel in bugeye
434
00:18:40.410 --> 00:18:43.113
as seen in this drawing of Lizzie Cox.
435
00:18:45.990 --> 00:18:49.900
The forward mast step of the Centerboard Wreck is in line
436
00:18:50.760 --> 00:18:53.670
with the keel, but the aft mast step is slightly forward
437
00:18:53.670 --> 00:18:55.530
and not directly behind the centerboard case
438
00:18:55.530 --> 00:18:57.750
and it's actually offset to the port side
439
00:18:57.750 --> 00:19:00.210
and the centerboard case itself is also offset
440
00:19:00.210 --> 00:19:01.310
to starboard slightly.
441
00:19:02.550 --> 00:19:04.860
You can even tell how offset the centerboard case is
442
00:19:04.860 --> 00:19:06.330
from the sonar image.
443
00:19:06.330 --> 00:19:07.890
This feature is rare in bugeye
444
00:19:07.890 --> 00:19:10.353
but has been noted in another wreck.
445
00:19:12.450 --> 00:19:15.570
This image is of the site plan of the Hobbs wreck,
446
00:19:15.570 --> 00:19:17.250
which is part of the Nansemond Ghost Fleet
447
00:19:17.250 --> 00:19:18.870
in Suffolk, Virginia.
448
00:19:18.870 --> 00:19:21.300
It looks nearly identical to the Centerboard Wreck,
449
00:19:21.300 --> 00:19:23.700
so much so that they could be sister ships.
450
00:19:23.700 --> 00:19:25.967
This Hobb Wreck is also a bugeye.
451
00:19:29.220 --> 00:19:31.830
So this vessel also has that offset centerboard case
452
00:19:31.830 --> 00:19:34.020
and identical locations of the mast steps.
453
00:19:34.020 --> 00:19:36.810
So why were these bugeyes built this way?
454
00:19:36.810 --> 00:19:38.880
It's likely because they carried a schooner rig
455
00:19:38.880 --> 00:19:41.130
instead of the traditional leg-of-mutton rig.
456
00:19:42.990 --> 00:19:44.790
And here again you can see the offset features
457
00:19:44.790 --> 00:19:48.630
of the Centerboard Wreck and the differences
458
00:19:48.630 --> 00:19:50.850
between the traditional leg of mutton rig on the left
459
00:19:50.850 --> 00:19:54.030
and the square rigged or schooner rigged bugeye
460
00:19:54.030 --> 00:19:55.620
on the right.
461
00:19:55.620 --> 00:19:59.910
You can see how far apart the masks are on the left
462
00:19:59.910 --> 00:20:02.043
and how much closer they are on the right.
463
00:20:03.540 --> 00:20:05.040
I took the measurements of the Hobbs Wreck
464
00:20:05.040 --> 00:20:07.743
and recreated what the rigging would've looked like,
465
00:20:08.940 --> 00:20:11.190
and the schooner rig fist perfectly.
466
00:20:11.190 --> 00:20:12.900
Since they are the same dimensions,
467
00:20:12.900 --> 00:20:14.670
this is exactly what the Centerboard Wreck
468
00:20:14.670 --> 00:20:16.953
would have also looked like as well.
469
00:20:19.170 --> 00:20:21.150
Of the nearly 600 bugeyes built,
470
00:20:21.150 --> 00:20:22.980
only 36 have been identified
471
00:20:22.980 --> 00:20:25.230
as being square rigged or schooner rigged.
472
00:20:25.230 --> 00:20:27.540
Of these 36, none are officially listed
473
00:20:27.540 --> 00:20:29.880
as abandoned or wrecked in Washington,
474
00:20:29.880 --> 00:20:31.680
however many of them are listed as abandoned
475
00:20:31.680 --> 00:20:34.263
with the last home port as Baltimore.
476
00:20:35.850 --> 00:20:38.010
So it's possible one of these boats was abandoned
477
00:20:38.010 --> 00:20:41.163
after moving from Baltimore to Washington.
478
00:20:43.170 --> 00:20:44.730
Unfortunately, Hamlet is not listed
479
00:20:44.730 --> 00:20:46.650
as being a square rigged bugeye.
480
00:20:46.650 --> 00:20:49.500
There is, however another bugeye wrecked
481
00:20:49.500 --> 00:20:52.710
near Castle Island not far from the Centerboard Wreck
482
00:20:52.710 --> 00:20:54.810
and I'm sure there are others we have not found yet.
483
00:20:54.810 --> 00:20:56.943
So Hamlet is probably out there somewhere.
484
00:20:58.500 --> 00:21:00.690
Bugeyes continue to be used in North Carolina
485
00:21:00.690 --> 00:21:04.380
into the 1940s, '50s and even the 1960s
486
00:21:04.380 --> 00:21:06.420
as freight boats for the Outer Banks.
487
00:21:06.420 --> 00:21:09.870
A highway eventually connected the Outer Banks in the 1940s,
488
00:21:09.870 --> 00:21:12.270
but no regular ferry was established to Ocracoke
489
00:21:12.270 --> 00:21:13.860
until the 1950s,
490
00:21:13.860 --> 00:21:16.710
and the last freight boat retired in the 1960s,
491
00:21:16.710 --> 00:21:18.060
many of them being bugeyes.
492
00:21:20.430 --> 00:21:23.220
These freight boats acted as a lifeline for Ocracoke
493
00:21:23.220 --> 00:21:25.470
that would bring daily supplies to the island.
494
00:21:25.470 --> 00:21:26.880
And I just think it's really interesting
495
00:21:26.880 --> 00:21:28.020
that in the same decade
496
00:21:28.020 --> 00:21:30.060
that the first person walked on the moon,
497
00:21:30.060 --> 00:21:31.320
an entire island relied
498
00:21:31.320 --> 00:21:33.780
on these 80-year-old wooden sailing oyster boats
499
00:21:33.780 --> 00:21:35.670
for supplies to survive.
500
00:21:35.670 --> 00:21:37.980
And maybe the Centerboard Wreck isn't one of these bugeye,
501
00:21:37.980 --> 00:21:39.723
but maybe it is.
502
00:21:41.940 --> 00:21:43.380
And before I finish up here,
503
00:21:43.380 --> 00:21:45.180
I want to catch you up on where I am now.
504
00:21:45.180 --> 00:21:48.480
So as I finished my thesis, which involved examining
505
00:21:48.480 --> 00:21:51.240
all of these bugeyes within the context of North Carolina,
506
00:21:51.240 --> 00:21:53.970
more questions were raised than I was able to answer,
507
00:21:53.970 --> 00:21:56.130
and that's when I decided to expand this topic
508
00:21:56.130 --> 00:21:57.630
into a dissertation project
509
00:21:57.630 --> 00:21:59.850
in order to place the bugeye vessel type
510
00:21:59.850 --> 00:22:01.473
into a larger context.
511
00:22:02.640 --> 00:22:05.100
So the goal of my dissertation project is to examine
512
00:22:05.100 --> 00:22:07.980
and digitally reconstruct three separate bugeye shipwrecks
513
00:22:07.980 --> 00:22:09.960
dispersed throughout the Chesapeake Bay,
514
00:22:09.960 --> 00:22:13.560
shown to have individually specific construction features
515
00:22:13.560 --> 00:22:15.570
to identify the shipbuilding methods
516
00:22:15.570 --> 00:22:17.820
not recorded in the historical record,
517
00:22:17.820 --> 00:22:19.530
as well as to understand the variations
518
00:22:19.530 --> 00:22:22.353
in construction methods of the bugeye vessel type.
519
00:22:24.510 --> 00:22:26.790
The first site is known as the Bull Cove Bugeye
520
00:22:26.790 --> 00:22:29.520
and the hull remains were discovered in 2019
521
00:22:29.520 --> 00:22:32.250
when the vessel was exposed by erosion of the shoreline.
522
00:22:32.250 --> 00:22:35.340
It is located on the west side of Virginia's Eastern Shore
523
00:22:35.340 --> 00:22:36.453
on the Chesapeake Bay.
524
00:22:38.040 --> 00:22:41.100
The vessel remains include nine hollowed logs
525
00:22:41.100 --> 00:22:42.690
that form the hull, a centerboard case
526
00:22:42.690 --> 00:22:45.510
and two highly deteriorated half frames.
527
00:22:45.510 --> 00:22:46.980
Much of the vessel is exposed,
528
00:22:46.980 --> 00:22:49.983
however, a portion of the stern is still covered on shore.
529
00:22:52.500 --> 00:22:54.210
The dimensions for each log were obtained
530
00:22:54.210 --> 00:22:56.010
by measuring the exposed portion
531
00:22:56.010 --> 00:22:57.840
and probing the covered section.
532
00:22:57.840 --> 00:22:59.730
Here is a preliminary site drawing.
533
00:22:59.730 --> 00:23:01.530
The Bull Cove Bugeye is a perfect example
534
00:23:01.530 --> 00:23:04.833
of the much more traditionally built log hulled bugeye.
535
00:23:06.750 --> 00:23:08.940
The keel log measures about 46 feet
536
00:23:08.940 --> 00:23:11.430
and provides the overall length of the vessel remains.
537
00:23:11.430 --> 00:23:14.100
The thickness of the keel log varies throughout the vessel,
538
00:23:14.100 --> 00:23:16.713
but is roughly about five inches.
539
00:23:18.060 --> 00:23:20.850
The centerboard case measures about 12 feet in length
540
00:23:20.850 --> 00:23:23.793
and contains the centerboard that is about 10.5 feet long.
541
00:23:24.720 --> 00:23:25.980
And similar to the Hobbs Wreck,
542
00:23:25.980 --> 00:23:27.750
here is a preliminary reconstruction
543
00:23:27.750 --> 00:23:29.283
of the type of rig it carried.
544
00:23:31.560 --> 00:23:34.510
And the second site I will be examining is the Hobbs Wreck,
545
00:23:36.000 --> 00:23:37.680
which is suspended in the muddy banks
546
00:23:37.680 --> 00:23:39.750
of the Nansemond River in Suffolk
547
00:23:39.750 --> 00:23:44.460
and is about 46.5 feet long and 17.5 feet wide.
548
00:23:44.460 --> 00:23:47.910
The wreck is entirely exposed at low tide
549
00:23:47.910 --> 00:23:50.520
and was surveyed using traditional measuring methods
550
00:23:50.520 --> 00:23:53.160
as well as laser scanning by archeologists
551
00:23:53.160 --> 00:23:55.650
from Florida's St. Augustine Lighthouse
552
00:23:55.650 --> 00:23:58.653
Archeological Maritime program, also known as LAMP.
553
00:24:00.480 --> 00:24:02.340
And here's the rig reconstruction again,
554
00:24:02.340 --> 00:24:04.260
I plan to do this with all three sites.
555
00:24:04.260 --> 00:24:05.733
So there's one more to go,
556
00:24:07.620 --> 00:24:11.610
which is the third shipwreck site that will be examined
557
00:24:11.610 --> 00:24:14.040
and is located in the Mallows Bay-Potomac River
558
00:24:14.040 --> 00:24:16.410
National Marine Sanctuaries designated
559
00:24:16.410 --> 00:24:19.950
as site 114 or 18CH616.
560
00:24:19.950 --> 00:24:23.310
The wreck was first recorded in 1996 by Don Shomette.
561
00:24:23.310 --> 00:24:24.690
The site lies on its keel
562
00:24:24.690 --> 00:24:26.730
close to the shore of Liverpool Cove
563
00:24:26.730 --> 00:24:29.280
and is submerged in roughly three feet of water.
564
00:24:29.280 --> 00:24:30.540
The shipwreck is double-ended
565
00:24:30.540 --> 00:24:34.893
and measures about 46.5 feet long and about 14 feet wide.
566
00:24:37.350 --> 00:24:40.500
Remaining features of the site include multiple frames,
567
00:24:40.500 --> 00:24:43.410
two large mass steps and a centerboard case.
568
00:24:43.410 --> 00:24:45.360
The forward mass step is indicative
569
00:24:45.360 --> 00:24:47.310
of Chesapeake Bay built craft,
570
00:24:47.310 --> 00:24:49.170
which were built from multiple wooden pieces.
571
00:24:49.170 --> 00:24:51.180
However, the aft mast step
572
00:24:51.180 --> 00:24:54.330
appears to be cut directly into one large frame piece
573
00:24:54.330 --> 00:24:55.320
and might possibly be
574
00:24:55.320 --> 00:24:57.750
a regionally specific shipbuilding feature
575
00:24:57.750 --> 00:25:02.280
or something that was added as a repair.
576
00:25:02.280 --> 00:25:04.230
Shomette suggests that the shipwreck was a sharpie,
577
00:25:04.230 --> 00:25:05.970
likely used as a turtle scrape.
578
00:25:05.970 --> 00:25:08.213
Sharpies however, are flat bottom boats
579
00:25:08.213 --> 00:25:10.110
and have a hard turn of the bilge.
580
00:25:10.110 --> 00:25:12.720
They're not double-ended, they do not have rounded frames
581
00:25:12.720 --> 00:25:15.390
and they rarely exceed lengths of 35 feet.
582
00:25:15.390 --> 00:25:17.520
The wreck only has two mast steps,
583
00:25:17.520 --> 00:25:20.010
even though sharpies often had three mast steps
584
00:25:20.010 --> 00:25:22.830
if they reached over 27 feet in length.
585
00:25:22.830 --> 00:25:27.830
From simply comparing the recorded dimensions of site 114
586
00:25:30.570 --> 00:25:31.557
to known sharpies and bugeyes,
587
00:25:31.557 --> 00:25:33.210
the construction feature suggests
588
00:25:33.210 --> 00:25:34.470
that the wreck is more likely to be
589
00:25:34.470 --> 00:25:36.240
a plank and frame built bugeye.
590
00:25:36.240 --> 00:25:39.300
This was actually the site I was going to originally survey
591
00:25:39.300 --> 00:25:42.270
for my thesis before COVID canceled the project.
592
00:25:42.270 --> 00:25:43.770
Seems that with or without COVID
593
00:25:43.770 --> 00:25:46.370
I was going to be examining a bugeye no matter what.
594
00:25:48.210 --> 00:25:50.640
The primary research goal for this project relates
595
00:25:50.640 --> 00:25:53.160
to the information that will be discovered from historical
596
00:25:53.160 --> 00:25:56.343
and archeological investigations of the three bugeye sites.
597
00:25:58.050 --> 00:25:59.640
The main research questions are,
598
00:25:59.640 --> 00:26:01.950
how did Bugeye construction differ
599
00:26:01.950 --> 00:26:04.020
from individual ship builders,
600
00:26:04.020 --> 00:26:06.180
and can evidence of these differences be gathered
601
00:26:06.180 --> 00:26:07.950
from the archeological record?
602
00:26:07.950 --> 00:26:10.050
Secondary research questions include,
603
00:26:10.050 --> 00:26:11.370
what can be learned about bugeyes
604
00:26:11.370 --> 00:26:13.800
through the historical data obtained through oral histories,
605
00:26:13.800 --> 00:26:16.620
journals, ships, plans and photographs,
606
00:26:16.620 --> 00:26:19.380
and how many variations of the bugeye type were built?
607
00:26:19.380 --> 00:26:20.910
Can these variations be determined
608
00:26:20.910 --> 00:26:22.650
in the archeological record?
609
00:26:22.650 --> 00:26:25.113
So these are all things I hope to answer.
610
00:26:25.950 --> 00:26:28.290
For my initial project that was thankfully funded
611
00:26:28.290 --> 00:26:30.300
by the Institute of Nautical Archeology.
612
00:26:30.300 --> 00:26:32.640
I traveled to the major maritime museums
613
00:26:32.640 --> 00:26:34.710
around the Chesapeake Bay region last summer
614
00:26:34.710 --> 00:26:36.090
to research in their archives
615
00:26:36.090 --> 00:26:38.580
and obtained copies of historical photographs
616
00:26:38.580 --> 00:26:39.600
and examine the artifacts
617
00:26:39.600 --> 00:26:41.550
and hull remains the museums contained.
618
00:26:43.080 --> 00:26:44.820
I spent two weeks visiting museums,
619
00:26:44.820 --> 00:26:47.160
which included the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum,
620
00:26:47.160 --> 00:26:49.980
Calvert Marine Museum and The Mariners' Museum,
621
00:26:49.980 --> 00:26:51.423
as well as a few others.
622
00:26:53.100 --> 00:26:55.800
I was able to examine artifacts, ships plans,
623
00:26:55.800 --> 00:26:58.560
historic newspapers and oral history interviews.
624
00:26:58.560 --> 00:26:59.790
The main source I examined
625
00:26:59.790 --> 00:27:02.040
were the hundreds of historical photographs
626
00:27:02.040 --> 00:27:03.843
related to the oyster industry.
627
00:27:06.930 --> 00:27:09.120
Many of these photographs depicted different bugeyes
628
00:27:09.120 --> 00:27:12.360
under sail, docked, and some that were wrecked.
629
00:27:12.360 --> 00:27:14.790
Luckily, most of them were labeled with the vessel's name,
630
00:27:14.790 --> 00:27:17.370
place and the date the photograph was taken,
631
00:27:17.370 --> 00:27:18.393
as you can see here.
632
00:27:21.240 --> 00:27:23.400
I think the final number of photographs I requested
633
00:27:23.400 --> 00:27:26.284
from just one museum alone was about 94.
634
00:27:26.284 --> 00:27:28.833
So there's a lot of material out there.
635
00:27:30.390 --> 00:27:32.790
There was also a small collection of note cards
636
00:27:32.790 --> 00:27:35.280
with all known information regarding specific bugeyes.
637
00:27:35.280 --> 00:27:36.690
This ended up being a great source
638
00:27:36.690 --> 00:27:39.330
that led me to other places in the archive
639
00:27:39.330 --> 00:27:41.130
of the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum
640
00:27:41.130 --> 00:27:42.840
that had useful material
641
00:27:42.840 --> 00:27:44.990
that I likely would not have found without.
642
00:27:46.260 --> 00:27:48.420
And this included this image of a vessel
643
00:27:48.420 --> 00:27:50.940
that was labeled "Bugeye Bessie Lafayette,
644
00:27:50.940 --> 00:27:55.023
abandoned Mallow Bay," and was taken sometime in the 1950s.
645
00:27:57.300 --> 00:28:00.030
This could potentially be an image of site 114
646
00:28:00.030 --> 00:28:02.010
and appears to be in the same location of the wreck,
647
00:28:02.010 --> 00:28:03.840
which is very important for my project.
648
00:28:03.840 --> 00:28:05.493
I was very excited to find this.
649
00:28:07.530 --> 00:28:09.330
Someone included a little doodle of a bugeye
650
00:28:09.330 --> 00:28:10.710
in one of the collections at some point
651
00:28:10.710 --> 00:28:12.630
and they sealed it in plastic to preserve it.
652
00:28:12.630 --> 00:28:14.080
And I thought that was great.
653
00:28:15.630 --> 00:28:18.000
The archives had a lot of photographs
654
00:28:18.000 --> 00:28:20.650
of schooner rig bugeyes that I had never seen before.
655
00:28:22.470 --> 00:28:23.880
They also had a few images
656
00:28:23.880 --> 00:28:26.180
of plank and frame bugeyes under construction.
657
00:28:28.410 --> 00:28:30.450
These will be very beneficial to my project
658
00:28:30.450 --> 00:28:32.460
and are likely the only images taken
659
00:28:32.460 --> 00:28:34.173
of a bugeye being constructed.
660
00:28:36.870 --> 00:28:39.820
There were also multiple photographs of bugeyes under sail.
661
00:28:43.290 --> 00:28:45.360
Here you can see this bugeye dredging
662
00:28:45.360 --> 00:28:47.733
and the large piles of oysters on deck.
663
00:28:52.140 --> 00:28:53.580
This is a bugeye that was converted
664
00:28:53.580 --> 00:28:57.423
to gas propeller propulsion and a deck house was added.
665
00:29:01.740 --> 00:29:04.080
But probably one of the most important sources
666
00:29:04.080 --> 00:29:07.650
at one of the museums was the hull remains of a bugeye
667
00:29:07.650 --> 00:29:09.420
that they had displayed on the wall
668
00:29:09.420 --> 00:29:10.670
in their small boat shed.
669
00:29:13.680 --> 00:29:15.990
Even though a small portion of the vessel remains,
670
00:29:15.990 --> 00:29:18.540
there were some very interesting features of these timbers.
671
00:29:18.540 --> 00:29:20.820
The first feature was how the initial curve
672
00:29:20.820 --> 00:29:22.860
of the bottom of the centerboard well
673
00:29:22.860 --> 00:29:25.593
is shaped from the log itself, as you can see here.
674
00:29:27.420 --> 00:29:29.940
The second feature is pretty interesting.
675
00:29:29.940 --> 00:29:33.003
There's still an impression of where the ma step was placed.
676
00:29:36.420 --> 00:29:39.720
And the final feature that I noticed was that these logs
677
00:29:39.720 --> 00:29:43.770
were not pinned together as is typical for bugeyes
678
00:29:43.770 --> 00:29:45.720
and the only historically recorded method
679
00:29:45.720 --> 00:29:48.783
for connecting two logs that I have come across so far.
680
00:29:50.220 --> 00:29:52.110
Instead, they're connected by pegged mortis
681
00:29:52.110 --> 00:29:54.930
and tenon joints, which is a building tradition
682
00:29:54.930 --> 00:29:58.683
I have yet to see recorded historically for these boats.
683
00:30:00.390 --> 00:30:02.190
These remains are noteworthy to my project
684
00:30:02.190 --> 00:30:03.630
and I plan on working with the museum
685
00:30:03.630 --> 00:30:05.133
to further evaluate them.
686
00:30:07.290 --> 00:30:10.200
To finish up, multiple aspects of my dissertation project
687
00:30:10.200 --> 00:30:12.840
are historically and archeologically significant.
688
00:30:12.840 --> 00:30:14.853
There are building traditions of the Chesapeake Bay bugeyes
689
00:30:14.853 --> 00:30:17.010
that were not historically documented
690
00:30:17.010 --> 00:30:20.100
and can only be determined through archeological remains.
691
00:30:20.100 --> 00:30:22.650
Determining the differences in the construction styles
692
00:30:22.650 --> 00:30:23.940
of the sites would be significant
693
00:30:23.940 --> 00:30:25.690
due to the rarity of these vessels.
694
00:30:27.240 --> 00:30:29.040
Only a few confirmed bugeye sites
695
00:30:29.040 --> 00:30:31.140
have been documented archeologically
696
00:30:31.140 --> 00:30:32.940
and the bugeye Edna E. Lockwood
697
00:30:32.940 --> 00:30:34.590
of the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum
698
00:30:34.590 --> 00:30:37.020
is the last remaining log hulled sailing bugeye
699
00:30:37.020 --> 00:30:38.133
that still exists.
700
00:30:40.110 --> 00:30:42.870
Examining the history of the Chesapeake Bay oyster industry
701
00:30:42.870 --> 00:30:44.940
through the archeological remains of these vessels
702
00:30:44.940 --> 00:30:46.650
will provide more information
703
00:30:46.650 --> 00:30:48.750
to the historical narrative of the region.
704
00:30:50.700 --> 00:30:52.470
Thank you all so much for joining me today,
705
00:30:52.470 --> 00:30:54.510
and I would like to thank everyone that has helped me
706
00:30:54.510 --> 00:30:55.893
with this project so far.
707
00:30:56.760 --> 00:30:59.135
So if there are any questions,
708
00:30:59.135 --> 00:31:01.380
I'd be able to have them.
709
00:31:01.380 --> 00:31:02.730
[Shannon Ricles] All right, just a second
710
00:31:02.730 --> 00:31:04.863
and I'll put up our question page.
711
00:31:06.060 --> 00:31:08.943
I'm gonna take the controls back from you.
712
00:31:11.880 --> 00:31:13.080
All right.
713
00:31:13.080 --> 00:31:16.230
So if you have not entered any questions
714
00:31:16.230 --> 00:31:19.980
into the question box yet, feel free to do so at this time.
715
00:31:19.980 --> 00:31:22.980
And also if you haven't downloaded Patrick's bio
716
00:31:22.980 --> 00:31:25.980
in the chat box, you might want to do that also now.
717
00:31:25.980 --> 00:31:28.200
In the bio you'll find more information about Patrick
718
00:31:28.200 --> 00:31:30.720
and some links that might be of interest to you.
719
00:31:30.720 --> 00:31:33.600
So let's look at our question box
720
00:31:33.600 --> 00:31:36.840
and see what we have coming forward.
721
00:31:36.840 --> 00:31:38.523
Let's see, undock it, there we go.
722
00:31:40.117 --> 00:31:44.670
"Since you study sailboats, are you also a sailor?
723
00:31:44.670 --> 00:31:47.217
Do you like sailing a sailboat?"
724
00:31:49.320 --> 00:31:51.628
I have been sailing quite a few times.
725
00:31:51.628 --> 00:31:54.480
It definitely helps kind of understanding
726
00:31:54.480 --> 00:31:56.520
the boats we study.
727
00:31:56.520 --> 00:31:59.790
Last summer, I had the opportunity to sail for two weeks
728
00:31:59.790 --> 00:32:03.810
on a tall ship named Lady Washington in Washington State.
729
00:32:03.810 --> 00:32:06.090
And that was fantastic. Yeah, I loved it.
730
00:32:06.090 --> 00:32:08.184
I would do it every summer if I could.
731
00:32:08.184 --> 00:32:12.483
So yeah, I do sail on occasion and it definitely helps.
732
00:32:13.800 --> 00:32:16.073
Okay, another question is,
733
00:32:16.073 --> 00:32:16.906
"Do you know about how many bugeye boats were built total?"
734
00:32:21.840 --> 00:32:24.930
There have been about 600 recorded.
735
00:32:24.930 --> 00:32:27.840
I imagine that's actually a lot higher though,
736
00:32:27.840 --> 00:32:30.390
'cause the vessel that predated bugeyes, the pungy,
737
00:32:30.390 --> 00:32:32.217
I think there was about 1,000 of those,
738
00:32:32.217 --> 00:32:34.290
and they were only used for a couple decades.
739
00:32:34.290 --> 00:32:36.963
So at least 600 bugeyes, but probably more.
740
00:32:37.860 --> 00:32:38.693
Okay.
741
00:32:38.693 --> 00:32:41.130
Jessie, do you have a question that you'd like to ask?
742
00:32:41.130 --> 00:32:42.930
I personally have several questions,
743
00:32:42.930 --> 00:32:47.930
but let's start with how many crew members
744
00:32:48.570 --> 00:32:50.250
would typically be on board
745
00:32:50.250 --> 00:32:53.373
and about how long would they go out for?
746
00:32:55.800 --> 00:33:00.510
I think the minimum that I've read
747
00:33:00.510 --> 00:33:02.703
was about two people could handle a bugeye,
748
00:33:04.350 --> 00:33:08.190
but I think it was anywhere from like around six or eight
749
00:33:08.190 --> 00:33:09.330
would be the typical crew,
750
00:33:09.330 --> 00:33:13.020
'cause you would have to have people on the sails,
751
00:33:13.020 --> 00:33:16.980
steering and then actually loading an offloading the dredge
752
00:33:16.980 --> 00:33:18.180
and things like that.
753
00:33:18.180 --> 00:33:23.040
And the bugeyes would typically go out for just like a day.
754
00:33:23.040 --> 00:33:26.223
They would go, it would depend on where they were,
755
00:33:27.330 --> 00:33:29.700
but yeah, not so much longer voyages,
756
00:33:29.700 --> 00:33:32.370
although some bugeye were actually used on longer trips
757
00:33:32.370 --> 00:33:34.680
down to the Caribbean to get fruit.
758
00:33:34.680 --> 00:33:36.093
So it kind of depended.
759
00:33:36.984 --> 00:33:38.280
Okay.
760
00:33:38.280 --> 00:33:41.610
Another question asked, "What sonar gear did you use
761
00:33:41.610 --> 00:33:43.110
for the Centerboard Wreck site,
762
00:33:43.110 --> 00:33:45.262
since it's only in three feet of water?"
763
00:33:45.262 --> 00:33:48.570
They're wondering because they thought that sonar needed
764
00:33:48.570 --> 00:33:50.703
to be in deeper water.
765
00:33:51.720 --> 00:33:55.893
Yeah, it was a typical Klein, I forget which model,
766
00:33:57.570 --> 00:34:02.570
but we were able to do it by kind of like floating it
767
00:34:03.120 --> 00:34:04.710
and going real slow.
768
00:34:04.710 --> 00:34:07.440
But yeah, most bigger sonar systems
769
00:34:07.440 --> 00:34:10.050
you would want a lot more clearance.
770
00:34:10.050 --> 00:34:11.700
But yeah, you can get pretty shallow with them
771
00:34:11.700 --> 00:34:13.400
if you've got the right equipment.
772
00:34:15.100 --> 00:34:16.203
Okay. Jessie?
773
00:34:17.760 --> 00:34:20.400
Someone asked if you could or if you had
774
00:34:20.400 --> 00:34:23.880
any more information about the African American crew
775
00:34:23.880 --> 00:34:26.910
and whether or not they were also builders
776
00:34:26.910 --> 00:34:28.173
or just crew members?
777
00:34:29.370 --> 00:34:30.660
I'm not sure about the builders,
778
00:34:30.660 --> 00:34:32.910
but yeah, most crews were African Americans
779
00:34:32.910 --> 00:34:37.890
and most workers at the oyster facilities
780
00:34:39.300 --> 00:34:41.730
were African Americans and women.
781
00:34:41.730 --> 00:34:46.410
So both groups played a very significant role
782
00:34:46.410 --> 00:34:47.970
in the oyster industry,
783
00:34:47.970 --> 00:34:50.580
and there's a lot of photographs out there,
784
00:34:50.580 --> 00:34:52.230
so there's definitely more research to be done
785
00:34:52.230 --> 00:34:54.963
and I plan on adding that to my dissertation.
786
00:34:57.022 --> 00:35:00.132
Okay. We'll have to have
you back to talk about it.
787
00:35:00.132 --> 00:35:01.293
Another question asked,
788
00:35:01.293 --> 00:35:04.950
would bugeyes have also gone north from Baltimore
789
00:35:04.950 --> 00:35:06.423
or did they just go south?
790
00:35:07.890 --> 00:35:10.690
They definitely would've gone to other sounds as well.
791
00:35:11.670 --> 00:35:14.010
I haven't really delved into that yet,
792
00:35:14.010 --> 00:35:16.770
but I do know that as the Chesapeake Bay fishers
793
00:35:16.770 --> 00:35:18.180
went searching for other sounds,
794
00:35:18.180 --> 00:35:21.780
they did go up toward New York and Delaware, so yeah.
795
00:35:22.870 --> 00:35:24.480
Okay.
796
00:35:24.480 --> 00:35:27.367
And another question that I have is,
797
00:35:27.367 --> 00:35:29.520
"Where were the bugeyes mostly constructed?
798
00:35:29.520 --> 00:35:31.830
Were they constructed by individuals
799
00:35:31.830 --> 00:35:34.590
or was there a ship building facility
800
00:35:34.590 --> 00:35:35.877
that constructed them?"
801
00:35:36.720 --> 00:35:39.033
There were a few, and it's mostly in Maryland.
802
00:35:39.900 --> 00:35:42.000
A couple of bugeyes were built in Virginia,
803
00:35:42.000 --> 00:35:43.300
but these are pretty rare.
804
00:35:44.970 --> 00:35:48.150
But yeah, there's a few specific places in Maryland
805
00:35:48.150 --> 00:35:50.730
that most of the bugeyes were built.
806
00:35:50.730 --> 00:35:55.293
Okay. Jessie, do you have any questions?
807
00:35:56.550 --> 00:36:00.690
Another question in the chat asked about buyboats
808
00:36:00.690 --> 00:36:03.140
and if you had come across them in your research.
809
00:36:04.560 --> 00:36:09.000
Yeah, so the buyboat were kind of their solution
810
00:36:09.000 --> 00:36:12.450
before the bugeye became prominent.
811
00:36:12.450 --> 00:36:15.930
All of these oyster boats that had the deeper hulls,
812
00:36:15.930 --> 00:36:18.660
they would go out and they would dredge the deep waters,
813
00:36:18.660 --> 00:36:21.960
and instead of just catching a bunch of oysters
814
00:36:21.960 --> 00:36:24.000
and then sailing all the way back to port,
815
00:36:24.000 --> 00:36:26.910
they would actually offload all of their oysters
816
00:36:26.910 --> 00:36:28.560
onto these other boats
817
00:36:28.560 --> 00:36:30.780
that would kind of buy all of the oysters
818
00:36:30.780 --> 00:36:31.890
from them directly,
819
00:36:31.890 --> 00:36:34.530
and then those buyboats would go back to the port,
820
00:36:34.530 --> 00:36:38.283
so that they could just keep dredging all day.
821
00:36:40.920 --> 00:36:41.763
Okay.
822
00:36:42.750 --> 00:36:46.200
Are you contemplating a scale model of the remains
823
00:36:46.200 --> 00:36:50.730
as has been done in the TAMU for in many years,
824
00:36:50.730 --> 00:36:55.290
and/or a scale model of the reconstructed vessel
825
00:36:55.290 --> 00:36:58.890
for your outboard profile?
826
00:36:58.890 --> 00:37:00.750
Yeah, actually that's part of it.
827
00:37:00.750 --> 00:37:03.330
So what I hope to do is record all the timbers,
828
00:37:03.330 --> 00:37:05.670
reconstruct them all digitally as well.
829
00:37:05.670 --> 00:37:08.190
So there'll be like three dimensional models and things.
830
00:37:08.190 --> 00:37:13.190
And there is a model ship builder here
831
00:37:13.380 --> 00:37:16.830
that works all in wood and it's beautiful and fantastic.
832
00:37:16.830 --> 00:37:18.810
I definitely don't have the skill for that,
833
00:37:18.810 --> 00:37:23.810
but instead we have the ability to or print out
834
00:37:23.850 --> 00:37:25.830
the digital reconstructions on 3D printers
835
00:37:25.830 --> 00:37:27.570
and kind of put them all back together.
836
00:37:27.570 --> 00:37:30.183
So I hope to do something like that for the program.
837
00:37:31.274 --> 00:37:32.670
Okay.
838
00:37:32.670 --> 00:37:35.550
And someone asked, they're saying they're just curious,
839
00:37:35.550 --> 00:37:37.230
what is the vessel represented
840
00:37:37.230 --> 00:37:40.563
by the half model behind you with gunports?
841
00:37:41.490 --> 00:37:45.450
Oh, this should be the Jefferson.
842
00:37:45.450 --> 00:37:50.450
My advisor drew that, and he's a great artist.
843
00:37:52.292 --> 00:37:53.459
Okay.
Yeah.
844
00:37:55.230 --> 00:37:56.820
Jessie, I don't see any more questions.
845
00:37:56.820 --> 00:37:58.830
Are you seeing any more?
846
00:37:58.830 --> 00:38:02.400
Not in the chat, but I would love to know more
847
00:38:02.400 --> 00:38:04.200
about the artifacts that you found.
848
00:38:04.200 --> 00:38:06.090
I know you showed a couple of pictures.
849
00:38:06.090 --> 00:38:11.090
Were there any that were particularly surprising
850
00:38:11.280 --> 00:38:14.673
or one that you liked better than another?
851
00:38:16.620 --> 00:38:18.597
Good question. Yeah, there were quite a few.
852
00:38:18.597 --> 00:38:20.820
And there were a few that I could not figure out
853
00:38:20.820 --> 00:38:23.910
what they were, but probably just related
854
00:38:23.910 --> 00:38:25.680
to like the rigging elements and stuff.
855
00:38:25.680 --> 00:38:29.580
But I do think the dredge rake was the most indicative
856
00:38:29.580 --> 00:38:32.970
and probably my favorite,
857
00:38:32.970 --> 00:38:34.380
'cause it was one of the first we found
858
00:38:34.380 --> 00:38:37.473
and it kind of identifies it as an oyster boat.
859
00:38:39.180 --> 00:38:42.600
And Patrick, you said that you returned, you drew them
860
00:38:42.600 --> 00:38:45.510
and then you returned them all to their original location
861
00:38:45.510 --> 00:38:46.623
back in the water.
862
00:38:47.670 --> 00:38:50.010
Were there any that you wanted to conserve
863
00:38:50.010 --> 00:38:53.370
or that you think should be conserved in the future?
864
00:38:53.370 --> 00:38:54.750
Not really.
865
00:38:54.750 --> 00:38:59.750
I'd rather leave them all for the next person
866
00:38:59.880 --> 00:39:01.290
who goes and looks at the site,
867
00:39:01.290 --> 00:39:06.290
maybe they have better ways of conserving things.
868
00:39:07.050 --> 00:39:08.700
So yeah, I think just leaving them in place
869
00:39:08.700 --> 00:39:10.143
was the best option.
870
00:39:11.070 --> 00:39:12.813
Okay. All right.
871
00:39:14.340 --> 00:39:17.490
And one other question that I had is,
872
00:39:17.490 --> 00:39:20.220
is the oyster industry in North Carolina flourishing?
873
00:39:20.220 --> 00:39:23.733
Is it alive and well today or is it not?
874
00:39:25.050 --> 00:39:26.130
I wouldn't say so.
875
00:39:26.130 --> 00:39:28.620
I think it's still like a smaller local thing,
876
00:39:28.620 --> 00:39:30.780
which was originally, which is probably better,
877
00:39:30.780 --> 00:39:32.553
especially for the oyster beds.
878
00:39:33.900 --> 00:39:37.680
But yeah, a lot of that has to do with the dredging
879
00:39:37.680 --> 00:39:40.650
that occurred historically, but also a lot of diseases
880
00:39:40.650 --> 00:39:44.100
that kind of wiped out the oyster population.
881
00:39:44.100 --> 00:39:45.633
Right. Okay.
882
00:39:47.580 --> 00:39:50.370
All right. Any other questions coming in?
883
00:39:50.370 --> 00:39:53.640
We had a question come in asking you what you plan to do
884
00:39:53.640 --> 00:39:56.013
after your PhD.
885
00:39:57.300 --> 00:39:58.950
I'd like to be a professor one day.
886
00:39:58.950 --> 00:40:01.260
That's kind of why you get your PhD in this field,
887
00:40:01.260 --> 00:40:05.927
but those jobs are very rare, so I have no idea,
888
00:40:05.927 --> 00:40:09.150
in the meantime still just trying to focus
889
00:40:09.150 --> 00:40:10.250
on getting outta here.
890
00:40:12.189 --> 00:40:16.500
Okay. And I think that's all the questions we have.
891
00:40:16.500 --> 00:40:17.550
I can't see anything else.
892
00:40:17.550 --> 00:40:18.383
There's a comment,
893
00:40:18.383 --> 00:40:22.140
but I'll forward that on to you after the chat.
894
00:40:22.140 --> 00:40:23.070
Oh, here comes one.
895
00:40:23.070 --> 00:40:24.960
It says, "You mentioned that coastal erosion
896
00:40:24.960 --> 00:40:26.070
was exposing wrecks.
897
00:40:26.070 --> 00:40:29.250
Do you think that continual changes in climate
898
00:40:29.250 --> 00:40:31.167
and sea levels will affect the work?"
899
00:40:32.040 --> 00:40:33.750
Absolutely.
900
00:40:33.750 --> 00:40:37.350
One of my friends from ECU is working on her dissertation
901
00:40:37.350 --> 00:40:42.350
all about how erosion and hurricanes and weather factors
902
00:40:44.430 --> 00:40:47.317
will affect shipwrecks in the long term.
903
00:40:47.317 --> 00:40:49.867
So it's definitely something we should be studying.
904
00:40:51.236 --> 00:40:52.069
Okay.
905
00:40:57.600 --> 00:40:59.073
I don't see anything else.
906
00:41:00.030 --> 00:41:01.893
That everybody, well. All right.
907
00:41:02.940 --> 00:41:03.773
All right. Well we'll go on with
908
00:41:03.773 --> 00:41:04.606
the rest of our obligatories
909
00:41:07.740 --> 00:41:11.013
So if you... I'm sorry, Jessie, this is your slide.
910
00:41:14.370 --> 00:41:17.010
So if you did send in a question
911
00:41:17.010 --> 00:41:20.613
after we were finished answering them,
912
00:41:21.990 --> 00:41:26.190
you can send additional ones to the email
913
00:41:26.190 --> 00:41:28.653
listed on this slide.
914
00:41:29.520 --> 00:41:31.470
You can also learn more about
915
00:41:31.470 --> 00:41:34.620
Texas A&M'S nautical archeological program
916
00:41:34.620 --> 00:41:36.783
at the URL listed above as well.
917
00:41:39.300 --> 00:41:41.768
A video recording of the presentation will be available
918
00:41:41.768 --> 00:41:44.430
on the Sanctuaries' webinar archives page.
919
00:41:44.430 --> 00:41:46.890
It's found at that URL listed there at the top,
920
00:41:46.890 --> 00:41:48.510
but it's a long one, so don't worry,
921
00:41:48.510 --> 00:41:51.213
we're gonna send that information to you in an email.
922
00:41:52.140 --> 00:41:54.090
In addition, the webinar will be archived
923
00:41:54.090 --> 00:41:57.060
on Monitor National Marine Sanctuary's website,
924
00:41:57.060 --> 00:41:59.280
and you'll just click on the multimedia section
925
00:41:59.280 --> 00:42:02.040
in the toolbar to access the webinar box.
926
00:42:02.040 --> 00:42:05.490
It usually takes us about 10 days to get the webinar posted
927
00:42:05.490 --> 00:42:07.980
because we have to have it captioned first.
928
00:42:07.980 --> 00:42:09.900
And so you'll find this webinar
929
00:42:09.900 --> 00:42:12.150
and all the future webinars in that same section.
930
00:42:12.150 --> 00:42:13.620
And don't worry, again, as I said,
931
00:42:13.620 --> 00:42:15.820
all of this will be sent to you in an email.
932
00:42:16.890 --> 00:42:18.000
We also want to highlight
933
00:42:18.000 --> 00:42:20.070
some of the upcoming sanctuaries webinars.
934
00:42:20.070 --> 00:42:23.220
So this evening at 6:00 PM Eastern time,
935
00:42:23.220 --> 00:42:25.380
you can learn more about the new curriculum,
936
00:42:25.380 --> 00:42:28.020
Exploring Ocean Mysteries from Dynamic Shores
937
00:42:28.020 --> 00:42:29.280
to the Deep Sea,
938
00:42:29.280 --> 00:42:30.660
learn how the lessons focus
939
00:42:30.660 --> 00:42:33.900
on the seven ocean literacy principles, climate literacy,
940
00:42:33.900 --> 00:42:36.240
and use the National Marine Sanctuary System
941
00:42:36.240 --> 00:42:38.970
as an engaging backdrop that helps students understand
942
00:42:38.970 --> 00:42:41.190
the importance for exploration, research,
943
00:42:41.190 --> 00:42:43.113
indigenous cultures and more.
944
00:42:45.630 --> 00:42:49.740
And tomorrow, tune in for Marissa Nuttall,
945
00:42:49.740 --> 00:42:51.000
a research specialist
946
00:42:51.000 --> 00:42:53.820
at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary,
947
00:42:53.820 --> 00:42:55.320
as she talks about understanding
948
00:42:55.320 --> 00:42:57.300
where fish spend their time on the reef
949
00:42:57.300 --> 00:42:59.100
and how that is critical part
950
00:42:59.100 --> 00:43:01.710
to effective resource management.
951
00:43:01.710 --> 00:43:04.120
Come and learn how a network of instruments
952
00:43:05.306 --> 00:43:08.220
is being used to track fish around the sanctuary
953
00:43:08.220 --> 00:43:10.503
and some of the interesting findings so far.
954
00:43:12.420 --> 00:43:15.600
And our next Submerged North Carolina webinar
955
00:43:15.600 --> 00:43:16.980
will be on March the sixth.
956
00:43:16.980 --> 00:43:20.520
Join John Pentangelo, director of the Hampton Roads
957
00:43:20.520 --> 00:43:22.470
Naval Museum in Norfolk, Virginia
958
00:43:22.470 --> 00:43:24.810
for a discussion on the USS Cumberland,
959
00:43:24.810 --> 00:43:27.000
which fought at the Battle of Hampton Roads
960
00:43:27.000 --> 00:43:28.830
during the American Civil War.
961
00:43:28.830 --> 00:43:33.000
Learn how on March 8th CSS Virginia
962
00:43:33.000 --> 00:43:35.580
destroyed both the Cumberland and the Congress,
963
00:43:35.580 --> 00:43:37.560
leading to the US Navy's worst defeat
964
00:43:37.560 --> 00:43:40.020
since it began in 1775.
965
00:43:40.020 --> 00:43:42.570
This discussion will focus on Cumberland's sinking,
966
00:43:42.570 --> 00:43:44.400
the cruise response to the attack,
967
00:43:44.400 --> 00:43:45.930
public memory of the ordeal,
968
00:43:45.930 --> 00:43:48.993
and the recovery of artifacts from the wreck.
969
00:43:51.270 --> 00:43:54.420
Another good way to learn about future webinars
970
00:43:54.420 --> 00:43:56.970
is to follow us on social media.
971
00:43:56.970 --> 00:43:59.250
I would love to see your comments
972
00:43:59.250 --> 00:44:00.600
and your interaction there.
973
00:44:03.960 --> 00:44:06.060
Alright, lastly, as you exit the webinar,
974
00:44:06.060 --> 00:44:09.090
there is a short survey for formal and informal educators.
975
00:44:09.090 --> 00:44:12.030
So if you are an educator, NOAA would really appreciate it
976
00:44:12.030 --> 00:44:14.550
if you would take a minute or two to complete the survey.
977
00:44:14.550 --> 00:44:17.190
Your answers will help NOAA develop future webinars
978
00:44:17.190 --> 00:44:18.360
to meet your needs.
979
00:44:18.360 --> 00:44:20.250
Your participation is voluntary
980
00:44:20.250 --> 00:44:22.863
and your answers will be completely anonymous.
981
00:44:25.260 --> 00:44:27.150
So once again, we want to thank Patrick
982
00:44:27.150 --> 00:44:29.310
for a fabulous presentation, and thank you
983
00:44:29.310 --> 00:44:31.950
for taking the time out of your day today to join us.
984
00:44:31.950 --> 00:44:32.850
Have a wonderful day,
985
00:44:32.850 --> 00:44:35.370
and this concludes the presentation for all.
986
00:44:35.370 --> 00:44:37.563
Thanks and have a good day. Bye.